74 research outputs found
Advanced I/O Techniques for Efficient and Highly Available Process Crash Recovery Protocols
As the number of CPU cores in high-performance computing platforms continues to grow, the availability and reliability of these systems become a primary concern. As such, some solutions are physical (ie. power backup) and some are software driven. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has created a system-level fault-tolerant checkpoint/restart implementation for Linux Clusters. This allows processes to restart computations at the last known checkpoint in the event the system crashes. The checkpoint data creation is highly dependent on system input and output operations. This paper proposes: (i) a technique to improve the efficiency of these I/O operations and (ii) an alternative checkpoint creation method to increase availability and reliability of checkpointing data
Human Behavior Models for Agents in Simulators and Games: Part I: Enabling Science with PMFserv
This article focuses on challenges to improving the realism of socially intelligent agents and attempts to reflect the state of the art in human behavior modeling with particular attention to the impact of personality/cultural values and affect as well as biology/stress upon individual coping and group decision-making. The first section offers an assessment of the state of the practice and of the need to integrate valid human performance moderator functions (PMFs) from traditionally separated sub-fields of the behavioral literature. The second section pursues this goal by postulating a unifying architecture and principles for integrating existing PMF theories and models. It also illustrates a PMF testbed called PMFserv created for implementating and studying how PMFs may contribute to such an architecture. To date it interconnects versions of PMFs on physiology and stress (Janis-Mann, Gillis-Hursh, others); personality, cultural and emotive processes (Damasio, Cognitive Appraisal-OCC, value systems); perception (Gibsonian affordance); social processes (relations, identity, trust, nested intentionality); and cognition (affect- and stress-augmented decision theory, bounded rationality). The third section summarizes several usage case studies (asymmetric warfare, civil unrest, and political leaders) and concludes with lessons learned. Implementing and inter-operating this broad collection of PMFs helps to open the agenda for research on syntheses that can help the field reach a greater level of maturity. Part II presents a case study in using PMFserv for rapid scenario composability and realistic agent behavior
A Demonstration of the PMF-Extraction Approach: Modeling The Effects of Sound on Crowd Behavior
The vast majority of psychology, sociology, and other social-science literature describing human behavior and performance does not reach the eyes of those of us working in the modeling and simulation community. Our recent work has been concerned with the extraction and implementation of Human Behavior Models (HBMs)/Performance Moderator Functions (PMFs) from this literature. This paper demonstrates how our methodology was applied to extract models of the effects of music and sound on both individuals and groups and to implement them in a simulated environment. PMFs describing how several classes of sound affect decision-making and performance were constructed based on well-established psychological models. These PMFs were implemented in a simulation of protesters and security guards outside a prison that demonstrates how the presence of chanting and music changes the response of protesters to police aggression. The extraction of PMFs from the literature, the synthesis of a coherent, cohesive model, and the implementation and results of the simulation are discussed
Human Behavior Models for Agents in Simulators and Games: Part II Gamebot Engineering with PMFserv
Many producers and consumers of legacy training simulator and game environments are beginning to envision a new era where psycho-socio-physiologic models could be interoperated to enhance their environments\u27 simulation of human agents. This paper explores whether we could embed our behavior modeling framework (described in the companion paper, Part 1) behind a legacy first person shooter 3D game environment to recreate portions of the Black Hawk Down scenario. Section 1 amplifies the interoperability needs and challenges confronting the field, presents the questions that are examined, and describes the test scenario. Sections 2 and 3 review the software and knowledge engineering methodology, respectively, needed to create the system and populate it with bots. Results (Section 4) and discussion (Section 5) reveal that we were able to generate plausible and adaptive recreations of Somalian crowds, militia, women acting as shields, suicide bombers, and more. Also, there are specific lessons learned about ways to advance the field so that such interoperabilities will become more affordable and widespread
Full stress tensor measurement using colour centres in diamond
Stress and strain are important factors in determining the mechanical,
electronic, and optical properties of materials, relating to each other by the
material's elasticity or stiffness. Both are represented by second rank field
tensors with, in general, six independent components. Measurements of these
quantities are usually achieved by measuring a property that depends on the
translational symmetry and periodicity of the crystal lattice, such as optical
phonon energies using Raman spectroscopy, the electronic band gap using
cathodoluminescence, photoelasticity via the optical birefringence, or Electron
Back Scattering Diffraction (EBSD). A reciprocal relationship therefore exists
between the maximum sensitivity of the measurements and the spatial resolution.
Furthermore, of these techniques, only EBSD and off-axis Raman spectroscopy
allow measurement of all six components of the stress tensor, but neither is
able to provide full 3D maps. Here we demonstrate a method for measuring the
full stress tensor in diamond, using the spectral and optical polarization
properties of the photoluminescence from individual nitrogen vacancy (NV)
colour centres. We demonstrate a sensitivity of order 10 MPa, limited by local
fluctuations in the stress in the sample, and corresponding to a strain of
about 10^-5, comparable with the best sensitivity provided by other techniques.
By using the colour centres as built-in local sensors, the technique overcomes
the reciprocal relationship between spatial resolution and sensitivity and
offers the potential for measuring strains as small as 10^-9 at spatial
resolution of order 10 nm. Furthermore it provides a straightforward route to
volumetric stress mapping. Aside from its value in understanding strain
distributions in diamond, this new approach to stress and strain measurement
could be adapted for use in micro or nanoscale sensors.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures - supplementary informations included in appendi
Affordance Theory for Improving the Rapid Generation, Composability, and Reusability of Synthetic Agents and Objects
This paper describes an effort to revise the PMFserv agent architecture in order to implement J.J. Gibson\u27s Affordance Theory. The theoretical justification for this revision is outlined along with the engineering constraints that inspired it. We describe the resulting architectural changes and the impact of those changes on the flexibility, ease of rapid scenario creation, and ability to reuse previous investments in knowledge engineering offered by our architecture. The level of effort required to build a new scenario within PMFserv both with and without the revisions suggested by Affordance Theory is compared. We conclude that Affordance Theory is an elegant solution to the problem of providing both rapid scenario development and the simulation of individual differences in perception, culture, and emotionality within the same agent architecture
Constructing Virtual Asymmetric Opponents from Data and Models in the Literature: Case of Crowd Rioting
This paper describes an effort to integrate human behavior models from a range of ability, stress, emotion, decision theoretic, and motivation literatures into a game-theoretic framework appropriate for representing synthetic asymmetric agents and scenarios. Our goal is to create a common mathematical framework (CMF) and an open agent architecture that allows one to research and explore alternative behavior models to add realism to software agents - e.g., physiology and stress, personal values and emotive states, and cultural influences. Our CMF is based on a dynamical, game-theoretic approach to evolution and equilibria in Markov chains representing states of the world that the agents can act upon. In these worlds the agents\u27 utilities (payoffs) are derived by a deep model of cognitive appraisal of intention achievement including assessment of emotional activation/decay relative to value hierarchies, and subject to (integrated) stress and related constraints. We present the progress to date on the mathematical framework, and on an environment for quickly editing opponents in terms of the various elements of the cognitive appraiser, utility generators, value hierarchies, and Markov chains. We illustrate the approach via an example training game for counter-terrorism and crowd management. Future research needs are elaborated including validity issues and ways to overcome the gaps in the behavioral literatures that confront developers of asymmetric forces
Enhancing the Behaviorial Fidelity of Synthetic Entities with Human Behavior Models
Human-behavior models (HBMs) and artificial intelligence systems are called on to fill a wide variety of roles in military simulations. Each of the off the shelf human behavior models available today focuses on a specific area of human cognition and behavior. While this makes these HBMs very effective in specific roles, none are single-handedly capable of supporting the full range of roles necessary in an urban military scenario involving asymmetric opponents and potentially hostile civilians. The research presented here explores the integration of three separate human behavior models to support three different roles for synthetic participants in a single simulated scenario. The Soar architecture, focusing on knowledge-based, goal-directed behavior, supports a fire team of U.S. Army Rangers. PMFServ, focusing on a physiologically/stress constrained model of decision-making based on emotional utility, supports civilians that may become hostile. Finally, AI.Implant, focusing on individual and crowd navigation, supports a small group of opposing militia. Due to the autonomy and wide range of behavior supported by the three human behavior models, the scenario is more flexible and dynamic than many military simulations and commercial computer games
The Precision Array for Probing the Epoch of Reionization: 8 Station Results
We are developing the Precision Array for Probing the Epoch of Reionization
(PAPER) to detect 21cm emission from the early Universe, when the first stars
and galaxies were forming. We describe the overall experiment strategy and
architecture and summarize two PAPER deployments: a 4-antenna array in the
low-RFI environment of Western Australia and an 8-antenna array at our
prototyping site in Green Bank, WV. From these activities we report on system
performance, including primary beam model verification, dependence of system
gain on ambient temperature, measurements of receiver and overall system
temperatures, and characterization of the RFI environment at each deployment
site.
We present an all-sky map synthesized between 139 MHz and 174 MHz using data
from both arrays that reaches down to 80 mJy (4.9 K, for a beam size of 2.15e-5
steradians at 154 MHz), with a 10 mJy (620 mK) thermal noise level that
indicates what would be achievable with better foreground subtraction. We
calculate angular power spectra () in a cold patch and determine them
to be dominated by point sources, but with contributions from galactic
synchrotron emission at lower radio frequencies and angular wavemodes. Although
the cosmic variance of foregrounds dominates errors in these power spectra, we
measure a thermal noise level of 310 mK at for a 1.46-MHz band
centered at 164.5 MHz. This sensitivity level is approximately three orders of
magnitude in temperature above the level of the fluctuations in 21cm emission
associated with reionization.Comment: 13 pages, 14 figures, submitted to AJ. Revision 2 corrects a scaling
error in the x axis of Fig. 12 that lowers the calculated power spectrum
temperatur
Athena\u27s Prism - A Diplomatic Strategy Role Playing Simulation for Generating Ideas and Exploring Alternatives
Intelligence analysts must clear at least three hurdles to get good product out the door: cognitive biases, social biases and self-imposed organizational impediments. Others (e.g., Gilovich, et al., Heuer, and Kahneman and Tversky), explain the cognitive processes that can help or trip us. A less well mapped set of dangers arises in the social dynamics of communicating tasking, working with other analysts, editing and customer interaction. Finally, the mere fact of a unit\u27s published record creates analytic inertia - an argument at rest tends to stay at rest and one in motion (i.e., ambiguous or uncertain) tends to stay in motion. (A variation of this includes groupthink.
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